Choosing the Right Cisco 10G SFP+: A Simple Comparison Guide

🟢 Standard Modules

These are full-featured and support everything (including FCoE, OTN, etc.).

• SFP-10G-SR: Short range (up to 400m on multimode fiber)
• SFP-10G-LR: Long range (up to 10km on single-mode fiber)
• SFP-10G-ER: Extended range (up to 40km)
• SFP-10G-ZR: Ultra-long range (up to 80km)

✅ Supports all protocols
✅ TAA compliant
✅ Good for enterprise/data center use

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🔵 S-Class Modules (e.g., SFP-10G-SR-S, LR-S, ER-S, ZR-S)

These are cost-effective versions of standard modules.

• Same distance and fiber type as standard ones
• ❌ No FCoE support
• ❌ Not TAA compliant
• ✅ Cheaper

Use these if you don’t need advanced features like Fibre Channel over Ethernet.

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🟠 Special Environment Modules

For harsh or non-standard environments:

• SFP-10G-SR-X: Extended temperature (-5°C to 85°C)
• SFP-10G-SR-I: Industrial temperature (-40°C to 85°C)
• SFP-10G-T-X: Copper (RJ-45), up to 30m at 10G

 

Taboo vs vzAny Contract

 

Aspect	Taboo Contract	vzAny Contract
Purpose	Used to explicitly deny certain types of traffic for an EPG	Used to apply contracts to all EPGs within a VRF in a simplified manner
Functionality	Acts as a deny filter for specific traffic (e.g., block port 80 or 23)	Acts as a wildcard to apply contracts to all EPGs in a VRF
Application Scope	Applied to individual EPGs to block traffic	Applied to entire VRF, affecting all EPGs within it
Use Case	Prevent specific traffic types (e.g., cleartext communication)	Enable free intra-VRF communication or many-to-one service consumption
Configuration Complexity	Requires manual filter creation and careful application	Simplifies configuration by automating contract relationships
TCAM Usage	May consume more TCAM entries depending on filter granularity	Optimizes TCAM usage by reducing entries to a single group-level contract
Best Practices	Generally discouraged unless absolutely necessary 1	Recommended for efficient policy management in large-scale environments 2 3
Limitations	Not suitable for inter-EPG communication control	Must follow strict guidelines to avoid unintended traffic leaks 2 3

What is a Taboo Contract?

 In Cisco ACI (Application Centric Infrastructure), a taboo contract is a special type of contract used to explicitly deny specific types of traffic between endpoint groups (EPGs), even if other contracts would otherwise allow it.

🔍 What is a Taboo Contract?

• Purpose: Taboo contracts are designed to block traffic that matches certain filters. They override any other contracts that might permit that traffic.
• Application: Unlike standard contracts which are applied between EPGs (one consuming and one providing), taboo contracts are applied to an entire EPG. This means they affect all traffic originating from or destined to that EPG 

• Use Case: For example, if you want to ensure that an EPG never uses insecure protocols like HTTP (port 80) or Telnet (port 23), you can apply a taboo contract with filters for those ports 

🛑 Key Characteristics

• Deny Action: Taboo contracts only support the "deny" action. They are used to block traffic, not to permit it.
• Logging: Optionally, taboo contracts can also log the denied traffic for auditing or troubleshooting purposes 
• Priority: They take precedence over regular contracts. If a packet matches a taboo filter, it is dropped—even if a regular contract would otherwise allow it 

⚠️ Best Practices & Cautions

• Many experts recommend avoiding taboo contracts unless absolutely necessary. Instead, it's often better to design your standard contracts carefully to only permit the desired traffic 
• Taboo contracts can add complexity and may lead to unintended traffic drops if not managed properly

 

Cisco ACI - Flood in Encapsulation

🧠 What Is "Flood in Encapsulation"?

Flood in encapsulation is a setting in Cisco ACI that controls how broadcast or unknown traffic is handled within a bridge domain when multiple EPGs use different VLANs.

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📦 Example Scenario

Let’s say:

• EPG1 uses VLAN X
• EPG2 uses VLAN Y
• Both EPGs are part of the same bridge domain

If flood in encapsulation is enabled, then:

• Broadcast or unknown traffic from EPG1 will only flood within VLAN X
• It won’t reach EPG2 (VLAN Y), even though they share the same bridge domain

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✅ Why Use It?

This helps limit unnecessary traffic between EPGs and improves security and performance by keeping flooding local to each VLAN.

 

vPC EPG Deployment Rule

 When deploying an EPG on a vPC, both leaf switch ports (on each leg of the vPC) must be associated with the same domain and use the same VLAN pool. This ensures consistent VLAN encapsulation and proper traffic forwarding across the vPC pair.

Can VLAN numbers previously used for EPGs be reused on the same leaf switch?

Yes, VLAN numbers can be reused for different EPGs on different ports of the same leaf switch, provided the configuration is done carefully to avoid disruption. 

You previously used VLANs 20–100 for EPGs on a leaf switch port. Now, you want to reuse VLANs 30-40 for new EPGs on different ports of the same leaf switch.

1. Create a new VLAN pool with the required VLAN range (e.g., 30-40).
2. Set up a new physical domain.
3. Link the VLAN pool to the new physical domain.
4. Set VLAN scope to portLocal on the leaf port to isolate VLAN usage.
5. Associate new EPGs with the physical domain.
6. Deploy the EPGs on the target leaf ports.

Recovering and Reinitializing a Standby APIC to active APIC in Cisco ACI

 Recovering and Reinitializing a Standby APIC in Cisco ACI

If you're working with a standby APIC and need to verify access or promote it to an active role, here’s a practical approach to follow.

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🔐 Step 1: Accessing the Standby APIC

You can attempt to log in using the rescue-user account. This account is specifically designed for emergency access to standby controllers.

• Try using your standard APIC admin password first.
• If the standby APIC is in sync with the cluster, this should work.
• If not, attempt login without a password — some configurations allow password-less access for rescue-user in isolated standby mode.

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🔄 Step 2: Reinitializing the Standby APIC as Active

If you need to promote a standby APIC (e.g., APIC3) to an active role, it's best to wipe and reconfigure it from scratch. Ensure you have KVM access to the APIC before proceeding.

Run the following commands in sequence:

1. Clean the existing configuration.
2. Trigger the setup script on next boot.
3. Reboot the APIC to begin the reinitialization process.

These commands will:

• acidiag touch clean
• acidiag touch setup
• acidiag reboot

Once rebooted, the APIC will prompt you to configure it as part of the active cluster.

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🧠 Pro Tip

Always ensure that the APIC you’re reinitializing is physically connected to the fabric and that you have console or KVM access. This process is irreversible and should only be done when you're certain the APIC is no longer needed in standby mode.

 

 Cold Standby APIC – Key Characteristics

• Supported in both single-pod and multi-pod ACI deployments.
• Can be connected to any leaf switch in any pod, restoring edit capabilities in minority scenarios.
• Automatically receives firmware updates to stay in sync with the active APIC cluster.
• During upgrades, once all active APICs are updated, the standby APIC is upgraded automatically.
• Assigned temporary node IDs; a new ID is issued when promoted to active.
• Admin login is disabled on standby APICs.
• Troubleshooting is done via SSH using the rescue-user account.
• During switchover, the replaced active APIC is powered down to avoid dual connectivity.
• Standby APICs do not participate in policy configuration or fabric management.
• Cisco recommends placing standby APICs in the same pod as the active ones they may replace.
• No configuration or credential data is replicated to standby APICs — only rescue-user access is available.

 

Configuring Port Profiles in Cisco ACI (NX-OS Style CLI) - Uplink to Downlink port

 

Up until Cisco ACI 3.1, fabric ports on leaf switches were hard-coded as fabric (iVXLAN) ports and could connect only to spine switches. Starting with Cisco ACI 3.1, you can change the default configuration and make ports that would normally be fabric links, be downlinks, or vice-versa. 

🧩 The Discovery Catch

Fabric discovery in ACI is only supported through native fabric ports. These are typically high-speed interfaces—like the 40/100G QSFP ports—designed specifically for spine-leaf connectivity.

If you're planning to connect via 10G SFP, you'll need to use a CVR-QSFP-SFP10G adapter on one of the native QSFP ports. This allows the switch to initiate discovery even when using lower-speed optics.

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🔄 Post-Discovery Flexibility

Once the switch is successfully discovered:

• You can reassign downlink ports (1–48) to act as fabric ports.
• This gives you flexibility in how you architect your connections post-onboarding.

However, this flexibility only comes after the switch has been discovered. Until then, you're dependent on the native fabric ports.

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⚠️ Why You Should Always Keep One Native Fabric Port Active

Even after discovery and configuration:

• Always reserve at least one native fabric port for fabric connectivity.
• If the switch is wiped or reset, and no native fabric port is active, it won’t be able to rejoin the fabric.
• This can leave you in a bind—unable to rediscover or reconfigure the switch without manual intervention.

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🧠 Pro Tip

Think of native fabric ports as your lifeline to the ACI fabric. Use adapters if needed, but never fully rely on converted downlink ports for long-term fabric access.

 

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Cisco ACI allows administrators to configure port profiles using a familiar NX-OS style CLI. This method is especially useful for those who prefer command-line workflows over GUI-based configuration. Below is a step-by-step guide to help you set up a port profile on a leaf switch.

Pre-Requisites

- The ACI fabric is fully deployed, with APIC controllers online and the cluster in a healthy state.
- You have access to an APIC administrator account with permissions to configure fabric infrastructure.
- The leaf switches you intend to configure are registered and visible in the fabric.

Configuration Steps

Step 1: Enter Global Configuration Mode

Start by accessing the APIC CLI and entering configuration mode:

apic1# configure

Step 2: Select the Leaf Node

Specify the leaf switch you want to configure by its node ID:

apic1(config)# leaf 102

Step 3: Define the Interface

Identify the interface you want to configure. For Ethernet ports, use the format ethernet slot/port:

apic1(config-leaf)# interface ethernet 1/2

Step 4: Set the Port Direction

Assign the port role as either uplink or downlink. In this example, we configure it as a downlink:

apic1(config-leaf-if)# port-direction downlink

Note: On certain models like the N9K-C9336C-FX, changing port roles from uplink to downlink is not supported.

Step 5: Clean and Reload the Leaf Configuration

Log into the leaf switch directly and run the following commands to apply the configuration cleanly:

setup-clean-config.sh -k
reload

Final Tip

Always verify hardware compatibility before attempting port role changes. Some switches have fixed port roles that cannot be modified, and skipping the clean reload step may result in incomplete configuration.

Cisco ACI - Node states - Unknown vs discovering vs undiscovered vs Unsupported vs decommissioned vs inactive Vs active

 In Cisco ACI, node states describe the status of a fabric node (like a leaf or spine switch) in relation to the APIC controller and the overall fabric. Here's a breakdown of the common node states you mentioned:

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🔹 Active

• The node is fully discovered, registered, and operational in the fabric.
• It is participating in policy enforcement and forwarding traffic.

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🔹 Inactive

• The node is known to the APIC but is not currently participating in the fabric.
• This could be due to administrative shutdown or connectivity issues.

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🔹 Discovering

• The APIC has detected the node and is in the process of gathering its information.
• This is a transitional state before becoming active.

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🔹 Undiscovered

• The node is not yet detected by the APIC.
• It may be powered off, disconnected, or not properly cabled.

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🔹 Unknown

• The APIC cannot determine the state of the node.
• This could be due to communication failure or misconfiguration.

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🔹 Unsupported

• The node is running a software version or hardware type that is not compatible with the current ACI fabric.
• It cannot be managed or used until upgraded or replaced.

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🔹 Decommissioned

• The node has been intentionally removed from the fabric.
• It no longer participates in any fabric operations and is not expected to return unless re-commissioned.

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🧠 Summary Table

Node State	Description	Common Causes
Active	Node is fully discovered and operational within the fabric.	Successful discovery, proper cabling, compatible firmware.
Inactive	Node is known to APIC but not participating in the fabric.	Admin shutdown, link issues, or configuration mismatch.
Discovering	Node is in the process of being onboarded into the fabric.	Initial connection, waiting for LLDP adjacency or infra VLAN.
Undiscovered	Node is not detected by APIC.	Cabling issues, powered off, wrong port type, or missing infra VLAN.
Unknown	APIC cannot determine the node’s state.	Communication failure, misconfigured switch, or APIC database inconsistency.
Unsupported	Node hardware or software is incompatible with the current ACI fabric.	Outdated firmware, non-ACI image, or unsupported model.
Decommissioned	Node has been intentionally removed from the fabric.	Manual decommissioning via APIC or CLI.

JSON Demystified: {} vs [] — What’s the Real Difference?

 

JSON is a data exchange format and open standard. It is based on a subset of JavaScript and is a text format that is completely language-independent.

JSON Demystified: {} vs [] — What’s the Real Difference?

When diving into JSON, two symbols often spark confusion: {} and []. They may look simple, but they define the very structure of your data. Let’s break it down in a way that’s both clear and memorable.

🧱 {} — The Architect of Structure (JSON Object)

Think of {} as the blueprint of a building. It defines named rooms (keys) and what’s inside them (values).

• Purpose: Represents an object — a collection of key-value pairs.
• Analogy: Like a dictionary or a contact card.
• Example:

Each key is a label, and each value is the data associated with it.

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📦 [] — The Organizer of Items (JSON Array)

Now, [] is your box of items. It holds things in order, without naming them individually.

• Purpose: Represents an array — an ordered list of values.
• Analogy: Like a playlist or a shopping list.
• Example:

Each item is accessed by its position, not by a name.

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🔄 Together in Harmony

JSON often combines both structures to model complex data:

Here:

• {} defines the overall structure (devices).
• [] holds multiple device entries.
• Each device is again an object ({}) with its own properties.

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🧠 Quick Tip to Remember

Symbol	Represents	Think of it as...
{}	Object	A labeled folder
[]	Array	A stack of items

 

L3Out Subnet Scope Options in Cisco ACI

 

L3Out Subnet Scope Options in Cisco ACI

Scope Option	Purpose
Export Route Control Subnet	Advertises specific transit routes out of the ACI fabric. Used for controlling which external routes are exported.
Import Route Control Subnet	Allows specific external routes to be imported into the ACI fabric using BGP or OSPF.
External Subnets for External EPG (Security Import Subnet)	Enables data plane traffic between external EPGs and internal EPGs. Without this, traffic is dropped even if routes are learned.
Shared Route Control Subnet	Used in inter-VRF route leaking. Marks subnets that should be advertised across VRFs.
Shared Security Import Subnet	Similar to External Subnets, but for shared L3Outs. Enables traffic flow between shared external and internal EPGs.
Aggregate Export/Import/Shared Routes	Used to summarize routes, e.g., adding /32 in front of 0.0.0.0/0 for default route aggregation.

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🧠 Key Notes

• These scope options are critical for controlling route advertisement and enabling secure communication between different parts of the network.
• Cisco ACI uses a contract-based model, so even if routes are advertised, traffic will be dropped unless explicitly allowed by contracts and security prefixes 

FX Vs FX2 Vs FX3 Vx GX - Cisco ACI switches

 

🔧 Platform Comparison

Platform	ASIC	Key Features	EOL Status
EX	LSE	Entry-level, limited telemetry, no FC/FCoE, basic MACsec	✅ EOL announced for models like N9K-C93108TC-EX 1
FX	LS1800FX	Better telemetry, some FC/FCoE support, improved MACsec	✅ EOL announced for models like N9K-C93108TC-FX 1
FX2	LS3600FX2	Higher performance, enhanced telemetry, better scalability	❌ Still active (no EOL notice found)
FX3	Updated ASIC	Further telemetry improvements, SyncE support, no unified ports	❌ Still active
GX	LS6400GX	High-performance, 400G support, cloud-scale deployments	❌ Still active
S6400	S6400	Used in high-density models like 9364C, optimized for speed and scale	❌ Still active

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🧠 Key Takeaways

• EX and FX platforms are older and have EOL notices for several models 
• FX2, FX3, GX, and S6400 are newer and designed for cloud-scale, telemetry-rich, and high-speed environments.
• FC/FCoE support is available in some FX and FX2 models, but not all — so check model-specific specs 
• Telemetry and MACsec capabilities improve progressively from EX → FX → FX2 → FX3.

XML vs JSON

 

🔄 XML vs JSON

Feature	XML (eXtensible Markup Language)	JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
Syntax Style	Tag-based (like HTML)	Key-value pairs (JavaScript-like)
Readability	More verbose, harder to read	Lightweight and human-readable
Data Structure	Supports complex structures (attributes, nesting)	Simpler, supports arrays and objects
Use in APIs	Common in legacy systems and enterprise APIs	Preferred in modern web APIs
Parsing	Requires XML parsers	Easily parsed with built-in functions in most languages
Data Size	Larger due to tags	Smaller and faster to transmit
Support for Comments	Yes	No (not officially supported)
Schema Validation	Strong (via XSD, DTD)	Limited (via JSON Schema)

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🧠 Summary

• Use JSON for modern web applications where speed, simplicity, and readability matter.
• Use XML when you need rich metadata, document validation, or are working with legacy systems.